08a vision processing intorduction
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The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the visual system, including: - The retina contains rod and cone photoreceptors which detect light and have receptive fields. - Ganglion cells in the retina receive input from overlapping photoreceptors and send signals to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus. - The primary visual cortex, also known as V1, contains cells that respond to features like orientation, motion, and color. Signals from V1 are sent to extrastriate visual areas for further processing.
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08a vision processing overview
This document summarizes key aspects of visual signal processing and visual cortex organization. It discusses the anatomy and function of the retina, including photoreceptors, phototransduction, and lateral inhibition. It also describes the projections from the retina to the visual cortex and organization of visual areas in the cortex, including orientation columns and ocular dominance columns. Finally, it covers topics like motion perception, stereoscopic vision, color vision, and face recognition in inferior temporal cortex.
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The document provides an overview of the mechanism of visual transduction in the retina. It describes how light is converted to electrical signals through photochemical reactions in rods and cones. It explains the roles of different retinal layers and cells, such as photoreceptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells, in transmitting visual signals from the retina to the brain. It also discusses concepts like dark adaptation, light adaptation and the Purkinje effect which allow vision under varying light conditions through changes in retinal sensitivity. Finally, it summarizes the duplicity theory of vision which explains how both rods and cones work together to provide high sensitivity and visual acuity.
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The retina contains photoreceptor cells that convert light into neural signals. These signals are processed in the retina and transmitted to the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex via two main pathways - the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways. The parvocellular pathway is involved in processing color and spatial detail, while the magnocellular pathway processes motion. In the primary visual cortex, neurons respond selectively to visual features like orientation, direction of motion, and binocular disparity. Higher visual areas become specialized for functions like color perception in V4 and motion processing in V5.
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08a vision processing overview
This document summarizes key aspects of visual signal processing and visual cortex organization. It discusses the anatomy and function of the retina, including photoreceptors, phototransduction, and lateral inhibition. It also describes the projections from the retina to the visual cortex and organization of visual areas in the cortex, including orientation columns and ocular dominance columns. Finally, it covers topics like motion perception, stereoscopic vision, color vision, and face recognition in inferior temporal cortex.
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08a vision processing overview
This document summarizes key aspects of visual signal processing and visual cortex organization. It discusses the anatomical distribution of rods and cones in the retina and how they carry out phototransduction and electrical conduction. It also describes the functional organization of the retina including different retinal cell types and neural circuitry. Additionally, it outlines the organization and areas of the visual cortex in primates, including orientation columns and ocular dominance columns. It also summarizes research on motion perception, stereoscopic vision, color vision and the importance of context in color perception.
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08b vision processing form and shape short
The document summarizes key aspects of visual signal processing and organization in the mammalian visual system, including:
1) It describes the receptive fields of photoreceptors and bipolar cells in the retina and how they connect to transmit visual information.
2) It discusses the properties and functions of retinal ganglion cells, including their receptive fields and projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
3) It outlines how the primary visual cortex processes visual information received from the LGN, including features like ocular dominance columns and orientation columns.
08b vision processing form and shape short
The document summarizes key aspects of visual signal processing and organization in the mammalian visual system, including:
1) It describes the receptive fields of photoreceptors and bipolar cells in the retina and how they connect to transmit visual information.
2) It discusses the properties and functions of retinal ganglion cells, including their receptive fields and projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
3) It outlines how the primary visual cortex processes visual information received from the LGN, including features like ocular dominance columns and orientation columns.
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- In the retina, photoreceptors transmit signals to bipolar and ganglion cells which transmit to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
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Acceptance for death has become extremely rare among patients and caregivers. Situation is grave in Indian hospitals.
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a descriptive term for a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by chronic, progressive, bilateral, and usually symmetric ocular motility deficit and ptosis, without pain, proptosis and pupil involvement. Commonly a syndrome of Mitochondrial Cytopathy.
Motivating hospital workers
This document discusses different theories of motivation in the workplace. It covers intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and equity theory. The document also examines what motivates people in different countries, what employees value in their jobs, and how the 40-hour work week emerged. A key point is that while pleasure, leisure, and happiness are often seen as motivators, a truly happy and motivated person would feel compelled to act due to their nature but remain detached from outcomes and desires.
Brain stem 2014
This document discusses the anatomy and development of the brain stem. It begins with an overview of the three main regions of the brain stem - the medulla, pons, and midbrain. It then examines the development of the brain stem and cranial nerves in the early stages of gestation. The majority of the document focuses on detailed images and descriptions of the gross and microscopic anatomy of structures within the brain stem, including nuclei, tracts, and cranial nerve pathways.
Muscle tone
1) Muscle tone is a state of partial contraction of resting muscle that maintains body posture through continuous motor impulses from reflexes.
2) Muscle spindles are stretch receptors that provide sensory feedback on muscle length and rate of stretch. Their afferents signal to the CNS and regulate motor neuron activity.
3) Spasticity results from loss of supraspinal control over reflexes after upper motor neuron injury, causing velocity-dependent increases in tonic stretch reflexes and impaired voluntary movement.
Cerebellum Anatomy and Physiology
The document provides information about the cerebellum including its anatomical subdivisions, development, functional organization, and connections. It discusses the phylogenetic organization of the spinocerebellum, pontocerebellum, and vestibulocerebellum. It also summarizes the functions of the archicerebellum, paleocerebellum, and neocerebellum as well as cerebellar abnormalities caused by lesions in different areas.
Corticospinal system
The document summarizes research on the organization and function of the motor nervous system and motor cortex. It describes that the primary motor cortex directly controls spinal motor neurons to enable fine movement control. The dorsal premotor cortex contains movement-related neurons that encode sensorimotor transformations for visually and sensory-cued movements. The ventral premotor cortex encodes learned motor acts and fires before movement execution. Long-term practice leads to more extensive representation of movements in the primary motor cortex, demonstrating the adaptability and plasticity of cortical motor areas.
Motor paralysis clinical
This document discusses the motor nervous system and motor paralysis from multiple levels including:
- The motor cortex and its connections to other brain areas
- The extrapyramidal and pyramidal systems
- Different types of apraxia and their lesion locations
- Lesions of the brainstem, spinal cord, nerves and muscles that can cause hemiplegia, monoplegia, or paraplegia
- The clinical features and localization of upper and lower motor neuron lesions
- Specific motor syndromes and their etiologies
It provides an overview of the organization of the motor system and localization of lesions throughout the nervous system that can result in different clinical motor deficits.
Basal Ganglia Clinical Anatomy Physiology
The document discusses the basal ganglia, including its subdivisions and connections. It describes the basal ganglia's role in voluntary movement, including initiation and control of movement. Disorders of the basal ganglia like Parkinson's disease can cause issues with movement including bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors. Lesion and stimulation studies in animals help explain how abnormalities in basal ganglia circuits lead to motor symptoms.
Myoclonus
This document provides information about myoclonus, which are sudden, shock-like contractions of muscles. It describes different types of myoclonus including focal, cortical, brainstem, spinal, peripheral, multifocal, generalized, essential, and childhood myoclonic epilepsies. Diagnostic tests like EMG and EEG are discussed. Various causes and treatment options are also mentioned.
Athetosis and dystonia
This document discusses athetosis and dystonia. It defines athetosis as irregular, slow writhing movements, often of the extremities and fingers. Dystonia is defined as an abnormal sustained muscle contraction causing twisting movements and abnormal postures. The document describes the clinical presentations and patterns of movement seen in athetosis. It discusses the potential pathophysiology of athetosis involving lesions in the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, and putamen. Causes of athetosis in children and adults are provided. Dystonia is similarly defined and classified. Potential pathology, types, hereditary forms, and secondary causes of dystonia are outlined in detail.
Tic disorder
This document discusses tic disorders, including Tourette Syndrome. It describes the characteristics and symptoms of simple and complex motor and vocal tics. Tourette Syndrome is defined by the presence of multiple motor and vocal tics with onset before age 18 that have been present for over a year. The document discusses the pathophysiology involving dopamine dysfunction and potential genetic and environmental factors. Diagnostic criteria from the Tourette Syndrome Study Group and DSM-IV are provided. Prognosis is noted to be generally good, with marked improvement in tics occurring in late teens to early twenties for most patients.
Chorea and ballismus
1. Chorea is a state of excessive, spontaneous, irregular movements that are randomly distributed and abnormal in character. It can range from mild restlessness to violent disabling movements.
2. Ballismus involves proximal, flinging, violent involuntary movements. Both chorea and ballismus are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction and abnormal neurotransmitter levels like decreased GABA and increased dopamine.
3. Causes of chorea and ballismus include infections, metabolic and endocrine disorders, drugs, trauma, vascular events, tumors, and hereditary conditions like Huntington's disease. Treatment involves reducing dopamine levels with antipsychotics or GABA agonists, as well as surgical procedures like pallidotomy or thalamotomy
Management of Tremor
This document provides information on different types of tremors, including their causes, characteristics, and pathophysiology. It discusses rest tremor seen in Parkinson's disease and other conditions. It also covers postural tremor, physiological tremor, essential tremor, kinetic tremor, and cerebellar intention tremor. For each type of tremor, the summary highlights key details like involved areas of the brain, typical frequencies, symptoms, and potential treatments.
Hypertension and stroke
This was lecture given at College of General Practitioner Hyderabad on 16th June 2013 as refresher course on Hypertension
Rapidly Progressive Fatal Neuromyositis
A 42/f presented with rapidly progressive Neruo-myositis with quadriplegia unresponsive to Immunosuppression.
Stroke management
This is a short presentation at Down Town Hospital clinical meeting for DNB Medicine students. It dose not cover the all aspects of stroke care especially Thrombolysis, since it is difficult to practice for Medical specialist, and ischemic stroke is not common in North East India
Neurologic manifestation of HIV/AIDS
This document discusses the neurologic manifestations of HIV/AIDS in India. Some key points include:
- Opportunistic infections like cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculosis account for the majority (around 70%) of neurologic events seen in HIV patients in India.
- Conditions like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and myelopathy are relatively rare compared to Western countries.
- Common neurologic manifestations include meningitis, mass lesions in the brain, and various neuropathies.
- The pattern of neurologic involvement tends to change as the CD4 count declines, with more severe complications occurring at very low CD4 levels.
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08a vision processing intorduction
- 3. Neuronal architecture of mammalian visual system
- 4. Retina
- 5. Photoreceptors Rod and Cone
- 6. Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones
- 10. Receptive Field An experimental plan for recording from the visual pathway. The animal, usually a macaque monkey, faces a screen onto which we project a stimulus. We record by inserting a microlectrode into some part of the pathway, in this case, the primary visual cortex. (The brain in this diagram is from a human, but a monkey brain is very similar.)
- 11. Receptive field of Retina
- 12. Receptive Field Receptive fields of photoreceptors and their connections. (A) The receptive field center provides a direct input from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cell, and the receptive field surround provides indirect input from the photoreceptor to the bipolar cells via horizontal cells. (B) 1: Photoreceptor cell; 2: on-center bipolar cell; 3: off-center bipolar cell; 4: on-center ganglion cell; 5: off-center ganglion cell.
- 13. Receptive field of two ganglion cells overlap Two neighboring retinal ganglion cells receive input over the direct path from two overlapping groups of receptors. The areas of retina occupied by these receptors make up their receptive-field centers, shown face on by the large overlapping circles.
- 14. Dimension of Receptive field One millimeter on the retina corresponds to 3.5 degrees of visual angle. On a screen1.5 meters away, 1 millimeter on the retina thus corresponds to about 3.5 inches, or 89 millimeters.
- 15. Receptive field Responses of retinal bipolar and ganglion cells to darkness and illumination in the receptive field center.A) Changes in the electrical activity of the photoreceptor and on- and off-center bipolar and ganglion cells when the photoreceptor receptive field center is in the dark. (B) Changes in the electrical activity of the photoreceptor and on- and off-center bipolar and ganglion cells when the photoreceptor receptive field center is illuminated
- 16. Lateral inhibition mechanism Responses of retinal bipolar and ganglion cells to darkness and illumination in the receptive field surround. (A) Changes in the electrical activity of the photoreceptor and on- and off-center bipolar and ganglion cells when the photoreceptor receptive field surround is in the dark. (B) Changes in the electrical activity of the photoreceptor and on- and off-center bipolar and ganglion cells when the photoreceptor receptive field surround is illuminated.
- 17. Receptive Field: Ganglion Cells Stimulus M Cells P Cells Color No Yes Contrast High Low Spatial Low High Temporal High Low
- 19. Ganglion Cell : Contrast discrimination
- 21. Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
- 25. Pupillary reflex
- 26. Organization of Visual Cortex
- 27. Extrastriate Visual Areas Macaque Monkey
- 28. Human Visual Cortex fMRI
- 33. Recording from Visual Cortex
- 35. Simple cell of visual cortex
- 36. Simple Cell
- 37. Complex cell
- 38. Complex Cell
- 39. Complex Cells
- 42. Significance of Movement Cells
- 45. Orientation column of visual cortex
- 46. Illusion of Edges: V2 in Monkey
- 47. Inferior Temporal neuron response to Form
- 49. Illusion of Edges: V2 in Monkey
- 50. Face and Complex Form Recognition ITC
- 57. Motion in the visual field
- 59. PET scan of MT area for Motion Processing
- 60. Depth of vision
- 61. Neuronal basis of stereoscopic vision
- 65. MT lesions in Monkey and Man with altered Motion Perception
- 66. Inferior Temporal neuron response to Color & Form
- 67. Color Vision
- 69. Cones and Color Vision
- 71. Surface reflected from blue vase in sunlight and skylight
- 72. The reflectance function of a natural surface
- 73. L+M L-M L+M-S
- 74. Receptive field of Primate Ganglion Cells for Color
- 75. The Importance of Context in Color Perception
- 76. Color blindness Normal Protanope Deuteranope Tritanope
- 77. Ishihara Chart for Color blindness testing 21, 2